Som tam or som tum

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Som tam or som tum (Thai: ส้มตำ, pronounced [sôm tam]) also known as tam bak hung (Isan: ตำบักหุ่ง, pronounced [tam bàk hùŋ]) is a spicy salad, the standard form of which is made from shredded unripened papaya. Som tam is similar to the Laotian dish tam mak hung and the Cambodian dish bok l'hong.

The dish combines the four main tastes of Thai cuisine: sour lime, hot chili, salty fish sauce, and sweetness added by palm sugar. The ingredients are mixed and pounded in a mortar; the Thai name, ส้มตำ (som tam) means 'sour pounded'.
In Thailand, it is customary that a customer ask the preparer to make the dish suited to his or her tastes. To specifically refer to the dish as prepared traditionally in Laos or Isan, it is known as ส้มตำลาว or som tam lao or simply as tam lao.

Traditionally, a typical som tam will contain some primary ingredient, a vegetable or fruit chopped in small pieces, like:
Papaya (Thai: มะละกอ [máʔláʔkɔː]; Isan: บักหุ่ง bak hung), while still green and unripe. This is one of the most common main ingredients.
Yardlong beans, (Thai: ถั่วฝักยาว [tʰùə fàk jaːw]; Isan: หมากถั่ว [màːk tʰùə]; Lao: ໝາກຖ່ັວ)
Santol (Thai: กระท้อน; Lao: ໝາກຕ້ອງ), while still hard and unripe
Cucumber (Thai: แตง), usually the small variety
Banana (Thai: กล้วย), while still green and unripe
Banana flower (Thai: หัวปลี). Somtam Hua Plii
Mango (Thai: มะม่วง), while still green and unripe

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Additional ingredients
To the basic ingredient some or most of the following secondary items are added and pounded in the mortar with the pestle:
Chili (Thai: พริก [pʰrík]; Isan: พิก [pʰík]; Lao: ພິກ [pʰík])
Sugar (traditionally palm sugar)
Garlic (Thai: กระเทียม [kra.tʰiəm]; Isan: กะเทียม [ka.tʰiəm]; Lao: ພະກເທິຍມ [paktʰiːəm])
Lime (Thai/Isan: มะนาว [manaːw]; Lao: ມະນາວ)
Fish sauce (Thai: น้ำปลา [nám plaː]; Lao: ນ້ຳປາ [nám paː])
Brined Crabs (Thai: ปูเค็ม [puː kʰem]; Isan: ปูดอง [puː dɔːŋ]; Lao: ປູດອງ [puː dɔːŋ]). These are not marine crabs, but local salted black crabs[1] (Thai: ปูนา ricefield crab) found in the flooded ricefields and canals. Isaan people eat the entire crab, including the shell.
Shrimp Paste (Thai/Isan: กะปิ [kapìʔ]; Lao: ກະປີ)
Pla ra (Thai: ปลาร้า [plaː ráː]; Isan: ปาแดก [paː dɛ̀ːk]; Lao: ປາແດກ)
Tomatoes (Thai: มะเขือเทศ [máʔ.kʰɯ̌ə tʰêːt]; Isan: หมากเลน [màːk leːn]; Lao: ໝາກເລ່ນ); Isan people also refer to tomatoes as มะเขอเคอ ([makʰɤ̌ːkʰɤː]), usually a quite small variety.
Hog Plums (่Thai/Isan: มะกอก [makɔ̀ːk]; Lao: ມະກອກ)
Raw eggplant (Thai: มะเขือ), the small Thai variety.
Som tam is often served with sticky rice (Thai/Isan: ข้าวเหนียว [kʰâːw nǐow]; Lao: ເຂົ້າໜຽວ) and kai yang (Thai: ไก่ย่าง [kàj jâːŋ]; Isan: ไก่ย่าง Lao pronunciation: [kàj ɲâːŋ]; Lao: ປິງໄກ່ [piŋ ɡaj]). It is also sometimes served over rice noodles and raw vegetables to mitigate the spiciness of the dish, or simply as a snack by itself with crispy pork rinds.
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